Thousands of Nepalis in Malaysia prefer to be undocumented than be exploited and mistreated by their official employers
In the shadows
Panic spreads on the sidewalks of the Kotaraya area of the Malaysian capital as immigration police sweep down during one of their raids on undocumented migrant workers. There is a palpable fear in the air as those without documents attempt to flee, and are whisked away. But there is also a sense of solidarity among migrant workers as they urgently call others to warn them to run.
All photos: Upasana Khadka
Raid in Kotaraya of Luala Lumpur as immigration police check migrants’ papers on a Sunday evening.
Mahesh worked as a security guard with 12-hour shifts, and after passing out a few times due to the heat, he decided to quit. His employer refused him treatment, or give him back his passport to return to Nepal, instead he was locked up and abused. It got so unbearable that one day Mahesh jumped out of the second floor window. By the time he landed on his feet, his status had changed to ‘undocumented’.
There are thousands of Nepalis like Mahesh in Malaysia. Like him, they prefer to be undocumented than be exploited and mistreated by their official employers. They enter Malaysia legally, but prefer to quit difficult, low-paying jobs and leave their passports behind, even though they know the risks of being undocumented.
When migrants run away from their employers leaving their passports behind, photocopies of their passports and if lucky, their original citizenship, are their most prized possessions.
When Ram realised that the ‘company job’ he had signed up for was a D3 (dirty, dangerous and demeaning) and required heavy lifting in front of a furnace 12 hours a day, he asked his boss to let him go. The employer demanded $1,500 which Ram could not pay. Then there is Amish who asked that he be allowed back home after he heard that his father had died. His boss refused even when Amish offered a month’s salary as guarantee.
The push to become undocumented starts in Nepal with recruiters who shape the expectations of the foreign dream among desperate aspirants. They lure workers with company names like Samsung, Panasonic and McDonald’s, but send them to manpower supply companies. They exaggerate overtime earnings, which migrants rely on because it can sometimes add up to 80% of their base salary.
But most migrants find themselves trapped when they land jobs with lower salaries than promised and no overtime. On top of that, they are also expected to pay a part of the rent, food, levy and utilities from their earnings.
Rita, a recent runaway, found out she did not have the promised overtime that was promised and had to pay other fees as well. For every small mistake at her job in a fish factory, her employer deducted $15-30 from her salary. She escaped before her contract ended and joined the ranks of the undocumented.
With loans adding up back in Nepal, returning prematurely is not an option for many migrants. There is also the pressure of expectations from family who collectively decide to send members abroad by selling assets or taking loans.
If migrants are able to show required documents during a raid, they get an ‘OK’ scrawled on their hands.
“My family does not know about my situation. Returning to Nepal early can be an embarrassment and you are seen as a failure in the community, so I wanted to stay longer even it meant being undocumented,” says Gautam.
Even when the bosses are kind and jobs decent, some migrants prefer to be undocumented. Hari works in a security company and knows of a Nepali who recently fled a company after being warned several times for showing up late, and for his drinking habits. Hari explains: “When a worker doesn’t perform well at work despite three warnings, he can be sent back and he knew he was getting close to that point. So he escaped.”
Ram is another worker who admitted he left his official job as a cleaner after he heard he could earn more as a security guard. On the other hand, Nisha quit her job in Johor Bahru so she could be with her husband in Kuala Lumpur, and both now work in neighbouring restaurants run by Nepalis.
In the monopsony of the labour market employers wield significant power over migrant workers who lack safety nets, and are unaware of their legal rights. Documented migrant workers have ‘OK’ scrawled on their hands by police, while undocumented ones are handcuffed and taken away.
Staying on
Bharat owns a manpower company that sources Nepali workers, and says recruiting a foreign worker legally involves multiple trips to the immigration office for permits and fees. The whole process can be expensive, costing employers up to $1,200 per worker and there is much uncertainty about what type of worker they will get in return.
“So, employers and recruiters just hire undocumented workers locally and insulate themselves from all legal responsibilities,” explains Bharat, “plus, language skills and familiarity with Malaysia among undocumented migrants can also be a plus point.”
Undocumented workers from Nepal in a farm run by a fellow Nepali who has also lived in Malaysia without papers for a decade.
However, undocumented workers are vulnerable to exploitation. Tika has changed eight jobs in the last five years because of unpaid wages and abuse. He still prefers this to his legal employer who made him work for 18 hours a day for just $150 a month, locking him up in his apartment during off-duty hours. He says: “At least I know I have nothing to lose because if the next employer becomes abusive or unfair, I can just leave.”
Realising that workers like Tika without passports can be flight risks, employers often keep a couple of months’ salary as a guarantee.
Staying on as undocumented workers has worked out well for others. Ram has lived in Malaysia without proper pares for over a decade, and leased land to grow vegetables. It has become a profitable enterprise, and he now provides refuge and jobs for other undocumented workers like him.
“Locals do not want this job and need us, yet they hound us. When there is a raid, we just escape into the forests,” says Ram, who feels relatively safer since he lives in the outskirts of the city.
An undocumented Nepali migrant worker taking vegetables to a road for pick up.
Malaysia recently introduced a new program for employers to rehire undocumented migrants. However migrants are reluctant because they have to pay a levy. Furthermore, given that the permit is valid only till the end of 2018, many don’t want to come out in the open.
Undocumented workers like Nisha are risk averse and prefer to stay indoors at all times at the restaurant where she works. Living in the shadows within the confines of her room is a small price to pay for being able to spend time with her husband and to send money home for her daughter’s education. There are others relentless like Ram, an undocumented security guard pulling multiple shifts, who tries to live a normal life to the extent possible and shares, “I know what streets to avoid and how to handle myself during police apprehensions.”
Says Ram: “The police shove us into their car and take us for a drive around the neighborhood. We stay calm, make an offer and they let us go. Anything is possible with money in Malaysia.”
Going home
With crackdowns on undocumented workers and the depreciation of the Ringgit, many Nepalis have decided to return to Nepal. They can exit Malaysia without a passport if they have temporary travel documents, but will be slapped a five-year entry ban. The document is supposed to cost only $360, but an agent will charge $600. Even going home costs three months of income on average. “We took a big loan to come here thinking we could send money home, but instead are having to ask our families to send us money so we can return,” says Mahendra.
A less common alternative for undocumented migrants wanting to leave is to pay for a ‘counter setting’ which entails bribing an airport immigration officer, also facilitated by agents for over $800. But Binod, a Nepali restaurant owner who moonlights as an agent helping returnees, says the number of counter settings have decreased after the authorities tightened up.
Migrants at a hotel in Kotaraya waiting for papers from their agent. “It can be today, tomorrow or next week...who knows?”
Using the first option, five undocumented Nepali security guards were on a recent flight to Kathmandu after not being paid for four months by a fellow-Nepali recruiter. “Living without money despite working hard got unbearable so we left,” says Ramesh, showing a timesheet with over 100 hours a week clocked in.
Adds Krishna: “We consider ourselves lucky because at least we could leave.” Suraj was undocumented for two months before being caught in an immigration raid and locked up with 90 inmates in a small room. “There wasn’t enough food and we got skin rashes.”
Adds Ratna whospent nearly four months in prison before being deported: “I will never forget 1329, my jail number, I was so excited to go home, we walked out of Kathmandu airport barefoot but it did not matter, because we were home and free.”
At Kathmandu airport, workers repatriated from Malaysian detention centres stand out among other returning migrant workers because they are shabbily dressed, in fliflops or barefoot, and are not pushing trolleys with tv sets.
Undocumented workers arrive in Kathmandu (left) where they will be staying for a couple of nights before they go home to Panchthar. They are banned from Malaysia for five years, but have no intention of going back.
The Nepal Embassy and family members help immigration detainees to be repatriated, there are 600 others in Malaysian jails who do not have the connections to be rescued, and 238 more are waiting for support for air tickets home.
Back in Kathmandu there is no help to reintegrate them into society and deal with the trauma of forced deportation. Left on their own, returnees are disoriented and demoralised.
Names have been changed.
Read also:
Illegal, ill-treated, Om Astha Rai
The cycle of migration, Om Astha Rai
Dying to work in Malaysia, Sonia Awale
Staying home, Sonia Awale
High risk and no return, Puru Shah